Platos Poesis In Republic Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato

Plato's Poesis In Republic Plato's three main objections to poetry are that poetry is not ethical, philosophical or pragmatic. It is not ethical because it promotes undesirable passions, it is not philosophical because it does not provide true knowledge, and it is not pragmatic because it is inferior to the practical arts and therefore has no educational value. Plato then makes a challenge to poets to defend themselves against his criticisms. Ironically it was Plato's most famous student, Aristotle, who was the first theorist to defend literature and poetry in his writing Poetics. Throughout the Republic Plato condemns art in all forms including literature or poetry. Despite the fact that he wrote, Plato advocates the spoken word over the written word. He ranks imitation (mimetic representation) on a lower plane than narrative, even though his own works read like scripts (the Republic is written in dialogue form with characters doing all the talking). It appears as though his reasoning is that imitation of reality is not in itself bad, but imitation without understanding and reason is. Plato felt that poetry, like all forms of art, appeals to the inferior part of the soul, the irrational, emotional cowardly part. The reader of poetry is seduced into feeling undesirable emotions. To Plato, an appreciation of poetry is incompatible with an appreciation of reason, justice, and the search for Truth. To him drama is the most dangerous form of literature because the author is imitating things that he/she is not. Plato seemingly feels that no words are strong enough to condemn drama. Plato felt that all the world's evils derived from one source: a faulty understanding of reality. Miscommunication, confusion and ignorance were facets of a corrupted comprehension of what Plato always strived for - Truth. Plato is, above all, a moralist. His primary objective in the Republic is to come up with the most righteous, intelligent way to live one's life and to convince others to live this way. Everything else should conform in order to achieve this perfect State. Plato considers poetry useful only as a means of achieving this State, that is, only useful if it helps one to become a better person, and if it does not, it should be expelled from the community. Plato's question in Book X is the intellectual status of literature. He states that, the good poet cannot compose well unless he knows his subject, and he who has not this knowledge can never be a poet(Adams 33). Plato says of imitative poetry and Homer, A man is not to be reverenced more than the truth (Adams 31). Plato says this because he believes that Homer speaks of many things of which he has no knowledge, just as the painter who paints a picture of a bed does not necessarily know how to make a bed. His point is that in order to copy or imitate correctly, one must have knowledge of the original. Plato says that imitation is three degrees removed from the truth. Stories that are untrue have no value, as no untrue story should be told in the City. He states that nothing can be learned from imitative poetry. Plato's commentary on poetry in Republic is overwhelmingly negative. In books II and III Plato's main concern about poetry is that children's minds are too impressionable to be reading false tales and misrepresentations of the truth. As stated in book II, For a young person cannot judge what is allegorical and what is literal; anything that he receives into his mind at that age is likely to become indelible and unalterable; and therefore it is most important that the tales which the young first hear should be models of virtuous thought (Adams 19). He is essentially saying that children cannot tell the difference between fiction and reality and this compromises their ability to discern right from wrong. Thus, children should not be exposed to poetry so that later in life they will be able to seek the Truth without having a preconceived, or misrepresented, view of reality. Plato reasons that literature that portrays the gods as behaving in immoral ways should be kept away from children , so that they will not be influenced to act the same way.

World lit blood wedding Essays

World lit blood wedding Essays World lit blood wedding Paper World lit blood wedding Paper which gives the reader background information and adds to the grim aspect of the work. An additional example of the wide use of rooding diction includes a quote by the Girl expressing that We are all burned-out. These very walls shoot flames. This discriptive quote continues to deliver the brooding tone the author is attempting to convey. The main purpose of the brooding atmosphere is to entrap the women as well as the men in their social stereotypes by providing a grim and immovable tone throughout the piece. To continue, Lorcas use of archetypes helps to further the social stereotyping he desires to critique in his piece, Blood Wedding. Lorca uses archetypes in order to eveal each persons attributes solely based on actions, speech and the readers readers previous stereotypes imply certain connections to the reader, such as The Mother, for example; It causes the reader to think about his own mother and those stereotypes associated with that name rather than Just looking at the character as unrelatable or a different individual. By naming the helper Servant instead of giving them a legitimate name you then recognize them as a servant. You immediately understand that it is a woman in a servants role which in turn helps the reader to fill p the remaining details with background information. This causes all of the characters to be filled with their own stereotypes which sets the story in a completely reader-generated setting, Just as Lorca wants. This concept is brought throughout the whole story with almost all of the characters, except for the main antagonist, Leonardo. The reason Lorca gives Leonardo a name and not Just an archetype is to attract attention to him and to discourage the reader from applying their own stereotypes and to allow the author to provide the information necessary to fill the ntistereotypical role of Leonardo. This frequent use of archetypes helps to revolve the story around Leonardo and specifically tell the reader where the attention should be. To continue further, the author implements resolution in order to keep the social stereotypes intact . The resolution traditionally concludes the falling action, and in the case of Blood Wedding, the resolution is extremely important. In the final act of the play, Death, disguised as an old beggar, searches for the men that the bride has become involved with. Leonardo, feeling as though his unhappy love life must be the lame of someone other than himself, he claims Ever since my own wedding day IVe been asking myself night and day who was to blame. And Im always finding somebody new to blame. Because somebody somewhere must be to blame. This helps to explain the character that Leonardo is and has become as he progresses throughout the play. Because the author lets the reader experience Leonardos inner feelings, the reader feels as though he knows Leonardo deeper than the other characters, and therefore is affected deeper after his death. After the climax, when oth the men in The Brides life have been killed, she finds herself lost and alone, almost as if she was being punished for br eaking the social stereotypes that have bound her and her fellow women in society. The reason the author uses resolution is due to the fact that if the play had ended directly after the climax, the story would have lost its true purpose, which is that social stereotypes are necessary to hold society together. In addition to the role the resolution plays in the importance of keeping the stereotypes intact, the mothers change in tone also adds to the esolution of the work in that it adds to the change that occurs after the climax. After the climax, not only does the brides entire character change in that she lost the desire to break the social stereotypes, but the entire diction of the piece also changes. In tis quote by the mother, This knife / Left two men stiffening / With yellow lips. / It barely fits the hand / But slides in cold / Through startled flesh / Till it stops, there, / In the quivering / Dark / Roots / Of the scream. The diction changes from smooth story telling to poetic, staccato greif. This continuation of the resolution to the piece helps to add to his ongoing critique of the stereotypical society that those in Blood Wedding reside in. piece, Blood Wedding, the three crucial techniques that help to develop his ideas the greatest include atmosphere, present in the brooding diction throughout the play, archetype, as shown in The Mother as well as Leonardo, and finally resolution, as seen in the concluding factors that show the punishment The Bride endures for breaking the norm, in order to keep the various social stereotypes that are present in this early 1900s spanish society intact.

Lesson Plans for Civil Debates and Discussion

Lesson Plans for Civil Debates and Discussion This lesson plan is based on the idea that having students support opinions that are not necessarily their own during debates can help improve students fluency. In this manner, students pragmatically focus on correct production skills in conversation rather than striving to win the argument. For more information on this approach please see the following feature: Teaching Conversational Skills: Tips and Strategies Of course, once students have become confident in their production skills, the can obviously argue the point they truly believe in. Aim: Improve conversational skills when supporting a point of view Activity: Debate concerning the current and future impact of the Internet on daily life Level: Upper-intermediate to advanced Outline: Review language used when expressing opinions, disagreeing, making comments on other persons point of view, etc. (See worksheet)Ask students to consider the following statement:The Internet has forever changed the way we live. Its importance will continue to grow. By the year 2010, most of the world will be conducting its business, receiving its media (TV, films, music), and staying in touch solely via the Internet.Based on students responses, divide groups up into two groups. Important: Make sure that groups are put into the group with the opposite opinion of what they seemed to believe in the warm-up conversation.Give students worksheets including ideas pro and con. Have students develop arguments using the ideas on the worksheet as a springboard for further ideas and discussion.Once students have prepared their opening arguments, begin with the debate. Each team has 5 minutes to present their principal ideas.Have students prepare notes and make a rebuttal to the expressed opinions . While the debate is in progress, take notes on common errors made by the students.At the end of the debate, take time for a short focus on common mistakes. This is important, as students should not be too involved emotionally and therefore will be quite capable of recognizing language problems - as opposed to problems in beliefs! Internet Craze What do you think about the following statement? The Internet has forever changed the way we live. Its importance will continue to grow. By the year 2010, most of the world will be conducting its business, receiving its media (TV, films, music), and staying in touch solely via the Internet. Use the clues and ideas below to help you create an argument for your appointed point of view with your team members. Below you will find phrases and language helpful in expressing opinions, offering explanations and disagreeing. Opinions, Preferences: I think..., In my opinion..., Id like to..., Id rather..., Id prefer..., The way I see it..., As far as Im concerned..., If it were up to me..., I suppose..., I suspect that..., Im pretty sure that..., It is fairly certain that..., Im convinced that..., I honestly feel that, I strongly believe that..., Without a doubt,..., Disagreeing: I dont think that..., Dont you think it would be better..., I dont agree, Id prefer..., Shouldnt we consider..., But what about..., Im afraid I dont agree..., Frankly, I doubt if..., Lets face it, The truth of the matter is..., The problem with your point of view is that... Giving Reasons and offering explanations: To start with, The reason why..., Thats why..., For this reason..., Thats the reason why..., Many people think...., Considering..., Allowing for the fact that..., When you consider that... The Internet Will Change Our Lives In Every Aspect The use of the Internet around the world is doubling every few months.The Internet has already changed with way we communicate.Business has invested billions on the Internet.The Internet is becoming faster all the time, you can already watch a video or listen to Mp3s via the Internet.Many people now live at home and work via the Internet.The Internet has created unlimited new business opportunitiesMost people use email instead of writing letters to keep in touch with their friends.The Internet is still very young. The Internet Is Just A New Form Of Communication, But Will Not Change Everything In Our Lives The Internet, while interesting, is just a fad.People want to go out and meet other people when they do their shopping.It is too difficult to use the Internet and computers, most people do not have the patience.Reading on a computer screen is uncomfortable and people will never stop wanting to read, listen to music and be entertained in traditional ways.The Internet creates cultural homogenization - some would say Americanization, and eventually people will get tired of this.The only real interaction between people must take place face to face on not virtually.The Internet is mainly used by teenagers and other people who have lots of time to waste.The new economy of the Internet produces nothing - people can not buy a smoke.

Using the first person In research writing Coursework

Using the first person In research writing - Coursework Example For this reason, using a first person pronoun improves a researcher’s writing style. The third benefit for the first person pronoun is that it makes the researcher position himself in the study. In certain researches, one needs to explain how the ideas or research build on or departed from other people’s work, in this case the researcher will say â€Å"I†. For this reason, when one needs to claim some authority, on a given topic, then first person pronoun might help. There are few disadvantages of using first person pronoun in a research setting. It is always recommended that the researcher need to see the entire research from a third person perspective, this is because the first person pronouns is less professional. Additionally, it much difficult to for one to analyze the whole situation from the perspective of a first person, compared to the third person. The above named disadvantages provide the same reason why institutions do not allow the use of these pronouns. I do not agree the decision that the institutions hold against using the pronouns. This is because despite the named disadvantages, first person pronouns enable a research paper to have that assertiveness and clarity in their discussion, thereby providing a unique argument and

Nursing practices on coronary diseases in the UK Essay

Nursing practices on coronary diseases in the UK - Essay Example This is important in the realm of health care, especially when the human aspect is involved in the context of nursing staff. The approach towards management of coronary heart diseases is of utmost importance, as this is one of those medical conditions wherein the treatment circumstances greatly impact the final course of healing. This topic hence entails immense significance and needs to be understood in the context of real-time problems that exist within the treatment mechanism. The research goes upfront with the hypothesis that the nursing care system can play a vital role in treatment of patients with coronary heart diseases. This can largely be speculated due to the fact that it is both an internal and an external condition. Though the internal condition can be taken care of by medicines, the external one largely depends upon the physical environment that is available over there. This is important as this acts as a vector for the study, and gives it the needed direction on order to answer the research question. The said topic was chosen because it gives a very nice converging point for a multitude of study areas, namely internal medicine, external health care, ancillary health services, nursing health care practices and physical atmospheric comforts in healthcare. An all-encompassing issue, this can give an overview about the issue and finally as to what can and is to be doe in the future on this subject. To investigate in detail the aforementioned reason, a number of recent researches on the topic were studied, to evaluate how is this issue being dealt with in real-time. Search engines of the Med-Line and BMJ were consulted for an all encompassing and international perspective on the issue, and the researches subsequently present a very thorough and diverse standing on the subject. Listing of Relevant Literature Following researches conducted on the said topic in the last decade are of significant mention: Coronary heart diseases were once viewed as an inevitable consequence of being infirm and bed-ridden. As it has been recognized that this is not the case, coronary heart diseases have come to be seen much more as an indicator of the quality of care provided, and are consequently high on the political and health agenda. This article provides an overview of the key aspects of coronary heart disease risk assessment and prevention drawn from a variety of national policy documents (Stephen-Haynes, 2004). To study prevalence of coronary heart diseases among functionally impaired patients in the community and evaluate risk factors associated with the development of coronary heart diseases in these patients. Design. Cross-sectional, observational study. Community dwellers served by the Primary Health Care Area of Rincon de la Victoria in Malaga.Participants. All patients included in the Impaired Patient Programme (n=178). Prevalence of coronary heart diseases in our Basic Health Area was 12.9%. The most important sociodemographic characteristic associated with the presence of coronary heart diseases in these patients was the educational attainment of the caregiver. Health variables of the patient were also associated with the risk of developing coronary heart diseases. Results indicate the need of diagnostic protocols with standardised instruments and prevention plans to reduce coronary heart d

Change In Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Joseph Conrad once wrote, “the individual consciousness was destined to be in total contradiction to its physical and moral environment'; (Watt 78); the validity of his statement is reflected in the physiological and psychological changes that the characters in both his Heart of Darkness and Coppola’s Apocalypse Now undergo as they travel up their respective rivers, the Congo and the Nung. Each journey up the tropical river is symbolic of a voyage of discovery into the dark heart of man, and an encounter with his capacity for evil. In such a voyage the characters regress to their basic instincts as they assimilate themselves into an alien world with its primeval dangers. In Heart of Darkness, going up the river is described to be like: “travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings. An empty stream, a great silence, and impenetrable forest … '; (Conrad ?). The river, one which “resemble[s] an immense snake uncoiled … with its tail lost in the depths of the land'; (Conrad ?), is “dangerous, dark, mysterious, treacherous, [and] concealed'; (Karl 32). When the characters are unable to withstand the various temptations along this passage they helplessly sell their souls to corruption. In both the book and the movie, the various events along each individual journey help illustrate not only the physical deterioration of the environment and the characters’ health but also the psychological degradation of the characters’ conscience and consciousness. In both Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now, the various dramatic shifts in the environment from the onset of the river journeys delineate an increasing barbarity and savagery as the characters penetrate deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness. The direction of both journeys are formally established as a movement from “open and boundless to narrow and restricted spaces'; (Adelman 66), from the light of the sun into the darkness. Projected towards the wilderness, each journey reflects a voyage into the “gloom of over-shadowed distances'; (Conrad ?). In Heart of Darkness, the rivers begin to narrow as the ships approach Kurtz’s compound, and Conrad describes this last section of the river as “narrow, straight, with high sides like a railway cutting'; (?). In Apocalypse Now, the river towards the end of the journey is located between steep cliffs on both sides; these men are symbolically trapped within this valley, with no chance of escaping from the many h orrors they face.

Spring Festival

Spring festival In China, New Year's Day is a solemn occasion. Every family performs religious rites at the family altar. In order to rejoice at the New Year, people wished others a happy new year and blessed heartily. Some stick calligraphies full of joy on doors, most of them were antithetical couplet, phrase, individual character, such as: blessing, longevity, luckiness, propitious New Year and so on.Whereas, some people pasted paper-cuts for window decorations to do away with the old and set up the new, the patterns of paper-cuts mainly consisted of figure, flower, character, any of the twelve animals representing the twelve Earthly Branches, and other animals. On New Year's Eve, all the members of families come together to feast. Jiaozi is popular in the north, while southerners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called Nian Gao. Before the eve of the New Year, everyone tries to come back home from every corner of the country to join the entire family, just like America ns' practice for Christmas, to greet the New Year.A New Year big dinner is served. After the meal, the table is cleared, dishes washed and put away. Then it is time to undertake final preparations to meet the New Year. In the morning, people put on their new clothes and shoes. Men, with their wives, call on relatives and friends to wish them a â€Å"Happy and Prosperous New Year â€Å". The caller is served tea with sweet-meats; melon seeds, both red and black; and fruits and delicacies such as puffed rice cakes, dump-lings and deep-fried round doughnuts. In addition, liquor and tobacco are offered.Before leaving, the well-wisher present gifts of money wrapped in red paper to all the unmarried children of the family. Starting from the New Year's Day, people began going out to visit friends and relatives, taking with them gifts such as fruits, wines, flowers, etc. This period was a time for visiting and amusement. Common expressions heard at this time are: Happy New Year. People al so enjoy all sorts of entertainment, going to the temple fairs, treating themselves to the local delicacies, and watching performances of fold art forms, which usually include ballads singing, story telling, comic dialogues, clapper talk and cross talk.During this period, quarrels are to be avoided. Words with bad connotations such as defeat, illness, surgical operations, a coffin or death are not to be used. Dishes are handled carefully, for breaking a dish on New Year's Day indicate bad luck for the coming year. An important tradition on New Year's Eve is for families to gather together and spend the evening preparing dumpling or boiled dumplings. According to Chinese Culture, it is common to hide a coin or Chinese date in some of the dumplings. Whoever gets these dumplings will supposedly have good luck in the coming year.Give out money packets – On New Year's day, children receive red packets decorated with gold symbols and filled with â€Å"lucky money†. Serve fes tive foods – Throughout the New Years season, certain foods are served because they symbolize abundance and good fortune. Besides preparing special dishes, tangerines and oranges are often passed out to children and guests, as they symbolize wealth and good luck. Prepare a Tray of Togetherness – This is a circular tray with eight compartments, each containing symbolic foods such as lotus seeds which provides a sweet beginning to the New Year. Spring Festival Spring festival In China, New Year's Day is a solemn occasion. Every family performs religious rites at the family altar. In order to rejoice at the New Year, people wished others a happy new year and blessed heartily. Some stick calligraphies full of joy on doors, most of them were antithetical couplet, phrase, individual character, such as: blessing, longevity, luckiness, propitious New Year and so on.Whereas, some people pasted paper-cuts for window decorations to do away with the old and set up the new, the patterns of paper-cuts mainly consisted of figure, flower, character, any of the twelve animals representing the twelve Earthly Branches, and other animals. On New Year's Eve, all the members of families come together to feast. Jiaozi is popular in the north, while southerners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called Nian Gao. Before the eve of the New Year, everyone tries to come back home from every corner of the country to join the entire family, just like America ns' practice for Christmas, to greet the New Year.A New Year big dinner is served. After the meal, the table is cleared, dishes washed and put away. Then it is time to undertake final preparations to meet the New Year. In the morning, people put on their new clothes and shoes. Men, with their wives, call on relatives and friends to wish them a â€Å"Happy and Prosperous New Year â€Å". The caller is served tea with sweet-meats; melon seeds, both red and black; and fruits and delicacies such as puffed rice cakes, dump-lings and deep-fried round doughnuts. In addition, liquor and tobacco are offered.Before leaving, the well-wisher present gifts of money wrapped in red paper to all the unmarried children of the family. Starting from the New Year's Day, people began going out to visit friends and relatives, taking with them gifts such as fruits, wines, flowers, etc. This period was a time for visiting and amusement. Common expressions heard at this time are: Happy New Year. People al so enjoy all sorts of entertainment, going to the temple fairs, treating themselves to the local delicacies, and watching performances of fold art forms, which usually include ballads singing, story telling, comic dialogues, clapper talk and cross talk.During this period, quarrels are to be avoided. Words with bad connotations such as defeat, illness, surgical operations, a coffin or death are not to be used. Dishes are handled carefully, for breaking a dish on New Year's Day indicate bad luck for the coming year. An important tradition on New Year's Eve is for families to gather together and spend the evening preparing dumpling or boiled dumplings. According to Chinese Culture, it is common to hide a coin or Chinese date in some of the dumplings. Whoever gets these dumplings will supposedly have good luck in the coming year.Give out money packets – On New Year's day, children receive red packets decorated with gold symbols and filled with â€Å"lucky money†. Serve fes tive foods – Throughout the New Years season, certain foods are served because they symbolize abundance and good fortune. Besides preparing special dishes, tangerines and oranges are often passed out to children and guests, as they symbolize wealth and good luck. Prepare a Tray of Togetherness – This is a circular tray with eight compartments, each containing symbolic foods such as lotus seeds which provides a sweet beginning to the New Year.